A clinical approach to the assessment and management of co-morbid eating disorders and substance use disorders, essay on drug abuse. Use our essay title generator to get ideas and recommendations instantly. Actually, the effects of this policy on illegal drugs have essay on drug abuse mixed. References Ammerman, Robert T; Ammerman, Peggy J. Title: Opioid Epidemic in America Abstract While many people are aware that there is an opioid epidemic in America, they may not understand exactly what that means. If it….
Drug Abuse a Threat to the Society
Is it hard for you to write a college essay yourself? Drug abuse otherwise known as substance abuse is the continued excessive and essay on drug abuse use of a drug or drugs whereby essay on drug abuse users take the drugs in amounts and methods that are harmful to themselves and others. Drug abuse is common in the modern society; it has affected all regions. Drug abuse is practiced by people from all walks of life, in both rural and urban areas, the rich and the poor, essay on drug abuse, females and males. Drug abuse affects not only individuals who abuse them but also their families, friends, neighborhood and the community as a whole. Drug abuse has numerous negative consequences, especially to the addicts.
This paper is meant to discuss drug abuse as a threat to the society. Drug abuse causes multiple illnesses, injuries, and deaths worldwide and is common among youths. Some of the drugs abused are beneficial to mankind, but when taken regularly in excessive amounts, they tend to be detrimental to the human health. Cocaine, marijuana, heroin, alcohol are commonly abused and even prescribed drugs like opioids, essay on drug abuse. Drug essay on drug abuse has both long term and short term effects to the consumers and the whole society. Drug abuse deteriorates the human health. Individuals abusing drugs tend to lose their appetites and moods, they have impaired judgments, essay on drug abuse, sleeping problems, and they are confused and depressed.
Lung, kidney, and heart diseases are common among addicts essay on drug abuse smoke drugs like tobacco and marijuana. Mental disorders and cancer are also common diseases to drug addicts. Drug abuse also leads to addiction. In extreme cases, drug abuse leads to death. Drug abuse leads to the destruction of social and professional ties and relations between the addicts and people around them. Addicts tend to lose their relationships after losing themselves to drugs. Drug abusers abandon their loved ones to fully embark on taking drugs without interference and commitments to family and friends.
Drug addicts also destroy their professional ties and lose their jobs easily by doing avoidable mistakes at work. Economically, essay on drug abuse, a lot of money and time is pumped into solving health and adverse social effects related to drug abuse. Such resources could be channeled into the establishment of career opportunities and businesses that could absorb unemployed people hence solving the issue of unemployment. Drug abusers are not able to work on a full-time basis. The ones who are lucky to get employed either endanger the lives essay on drug abuse others in their respective fields or produce shoddy work as a result of an inability to work properly and absenteeism.
Drug abusers also tend to overuse emergency funds and insurance benefits availed to them by their employees. Drug abuse is also highly associated with criminal activities and violence that poses a significant security threat to the society. To essay on drug abuse with, drug abuse is a leading cause of homicides worldwide. Drug abusers tend to steal cash and other valuables to get money to cater for their drug needs. Due to impaired judgment, drug addicts tend to be impatient, arrogant and very violent; they fight for nothing and are big trouble makers in the society.
In conclusion, drug abuse is a significant health and social problem that should be looked into and resolved before it gets out of hand. It negatively affects individuals who abuse the drugs as well as the people around them and the whole society. Though quitting drugs requires a strong will from the addicts themselves, initiatives should be established by concerned people to rehabilitate the addicts. Buy Essay Pay For Essay Write My Essay Homework Writing Help Essay Editing Service Thesis Writing Help Write My College Essay Do My Essay Term Paper Writing Service Coursework Writing Service Write My Research Paper Assignment Writing Help Essay Writing Help. Login Order now. Call Now! Order now. Search for:. Order now! Get Custom Essay from:.
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In many countries the situation is simply catastrophic, as people die from drug abuse and psychotropic substances on a daily basis. Drug addiction is largely a consequence of poor social conditions: unemployment, uncertainty in future, daily stress, severe neuropsychiatric states. All this gives reason to escape from reality into the world of illusions with the help of drug intoxication. What are drugs? Drugs — are substances that cause toxic poisoning, psychological and physical dependence of the body. Drug use threatens human health and social status. According to the WHO World Health Organization classification, the list of drugs includes: alcohol, opiates, cannabis, sedatives, cocaine, stimulants including caffeine , hallucinogens, tobacco, and light substances glue, aerosols, solvents.
The main feature of drugs is that they cause drug addiction — a disease that makes a mental and physical well-being and mood entirely dependent on the availability of drug dose in the body. In case of its absence the abstinence syndrome develops, an extremely serious condition, accompanied by seizures, severe pain in muscles and internal organs. Drug Abuse in Long Island, New York With more than seven and a half million residents, Long Island, New York is a major center of commerce and education, but like many other densely populated large urban centers, this city also has a significant drug abuse problem. To determine the facts about the problem, this paper reviews the relevant literature to provide epidemiological evidence concerning the incidence of drug abuse in Long Island, and what community-based resources are available to its resident.
Finally, a review of a recent research study article concerning these issues is followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning drug abuse in Long Island in the conclusion. eview and Analysis Epidemiological evidence concerning drug abuse in Long Island Like many other major American urban centers, all types of drugs are abuse in Long Island, but heroin abuse in particular has become a serious problem…. References About Long Island Addiction Resources. Long Island Addiction Resources. About Long Island Center for Recovery. Long Island Center for Recovery. About Outreach House. Outreach House. About Seafield Center Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment. Seafield Center Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment. drug use and abuse in the United States and presents differing approaches that are used or proposed to get a handle on the problem.
There is no doubt that the drug abuse issue is not new and it is not being reduced by any significant amount. This paper presents statistics and scholarly research articles that delve into various aspects of the drug abuse issue in the United States, with particular emphasis on drugs that are abused in eastern Kentucky and generally in the Appalachian communities. Drug Enforcement Agency DEA. The DEA has a Museum in Arlington, Virginia, that illustrates the history of drug discoveries, drug use, and drug abuse through the years.
The DEA reports that morphine, heroin, and cocaine were "discovered" in the…. Works Cited Bureau of Justice Statistics. Drug Enforcement Agency. Illegal Drugs in America: A Modern History. Grant, Judith. Rural women's stories of recovery from addition. Addiction Research and Theory, 15 5 , Havens, Jennifer R. Injection risk behaviors. The later stages focuses on dealing with the problems related to the drug use withdrawal like the withdrawal syndromes, the tendency to relapse. The later stages also focus on restoring the self dignity and also impacting the participant with the prerequisites to self-manage the drug abuse issue once the probation and treatment duration ends Tara, The drug courts are also said to be significant to the economy of the U. The drug courts save the taxpayer money for each participant in the treatment as compared to the same individual or one with a similar problem but going through the criminal court system.
This is realized by the reduced recidivism cases among the graduates from the treatment facilities recommended by the drug court systems Daniel, In general, the drug use is very addictive and a problem that dealing with it in the U. society is very difficult. This is…. References Amanda B. The State of Drug Court Research. Retrieved may 30, from www. pdf Belenko, S. Research on drug courts: A critical review update. National Drug Court Institute Review, 4, 1 -- 60 www. drives under the influence of alcohol, it is a criminal offense abbreviated as driving under the influence DUI. However alcohol is but one of the many substances that can interfere with one's driving capability.
DUI charges can also be pressed against individuals who are driving under the influence of other kinds of drugs, including illegal drugs and even prescription medication. Taking drugs and driving at the same time, whether the drugs are just prescription muscle relaxers or medicinal marijuana is illegal and a DUI offense. The argument that one took drugs because of doctor's orders is not a defense to DUI charges. Various drugs have different effects on drivers. Driving while having a blood alcohol concentration BAC of more than 0. References African-Americans, Substance Abuse and Spirituality - Minority Nurse.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Evaluation. Driving Under the Influence of Drugs - FindLaw. html MedlinePlus. Steroids: MedlinePlus. Teen Drug Abuse - Prescription or Not Differences between nonalcoholic offspring of alcoholics family history positive, FHP and matched offspring of nonalcoholics family history negative, FHN have been identified on a variety of behavioral, cognitive, and neurological measures. Further, following ingestion of alcohol, sons of alcoholics report less body sway and less subjective intoxication Grant, et al. Resources Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50 2 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC].
Youth risk behavior surveillance -- United States, MMWR , Cicero, T. Trends in abuse of OxyContin and other opioid analgesics in the United States: The Journal of Pain, 6, Drug Enforcement Administration. Prescription pain medications: Frequently asked questions and answers for health care professionals and law enforcement personnel. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 19 1 , There is a gradual move in considering that the combination of both these explanations is what should be the actual position to take on the issue of alcoholism and drug addiction. This mode of thinking suggests the acceptance of the gene explanation on one side in that the research does confirm that genes that are inherited goes a long way in explaining the behavioral pattern of the individual with regard to alcoholism and drug addiction, yet at the same time it also suggests that the lifestyle pattern that is adopted by the individual could also be a major factor in the behavioral pattern of the individual with regard to alcohols and drugs.
Frequently Asked Questions This means that not only is a hereditary factor only a predisposition but the behavior of the individual in social situations where the consumption occurs and the maintenance of control on these situations. This also…. Accessed on 20 March Frequently Asked Questions" National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The absence of such support could mean a quick relapse to the old habits. Indeed, those patients who prefer to battle their addiction alone are much more likely to relapse more quickly than those with a strong social and family network to support them. In this, open communication among family members, the physician an the patient is of vital importance.
Support is directly related to effective communication, especially among family members. In terms of social support, the narrator appears to be a little out of his depth when it comes to helping Sonny. This becomes clear in the way in which the narrator is unable to openly approach the issue of the abuse with his brother. Indeed, it is Sonny who volunteers the information about his habit to his brother, who does not seem entirely willing to listen. The narrator has to almost force himself to listen to his brother,…. References Aftandilians, Tania. Fall Retrieved from FindArticles. Substance Abuse Programs in Prison The work of Harrison nd reports that the 'Residential Substance Abuse Treatment RSAT for State Prisoners Formula Grant Program was created by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of in response to the increasing number of incarcerated individuals in the United States with substance abuse problems.
vi It is reported that RSAT grants may be used to "implement or expand treatment programs for inmates in residential treatment facilities operated by State and local correctional agencies that provide individual and group treatment activities for inmates. Bibliography Frantz, M. Dog Ear Publishing. Harrison, LD nd Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners Implementation Lessons Learned. Google Books. Whereas the harms associated with some illicit and prescription drugs is cumulative, some of the most popular recreational drugs such as ecstasy actually destroy neurons each and every time they are used.
Each time you take ecstasy, for example, neurons dedicated to respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine lose their ability to do so. As a result, ecstasy use in particular is known to interfere with the natural neurotransmitter reuptake mechanism. This impairs your ability to maintain a healthy mental frame of mind because dopamine reception and reuptake is fundamentally important to perceiving pleasure and to experiencing happiness. Ultimately this is a major cause of clinical depression in young people, requiring life-long treatment with antidepressant medications which are associated with negative side effects of their own.
Suicide is also directly attributable to the psychological effects of clinical depression. Therefore, if you hope to achieve your academic potential and to avoid causing…. Inhalants refer to the ordinary household products that are sniffed or inhaled by individuals so as to get high. There are many household products that are misused as inhalants. Some of these products include gasoline, hair spray, fabric protector, air conditioner fluid, nail polish remover, and correction fluid, propellants in aerosol, cleaning fluids and cooking spray. These products are mainly bagged, sniffed, snorted so as one to get high. They can be sniffed directly from the containers. In most cases when an individual is under the influence of such inhalants one is likely to engage in anti-social or criminal behavior Ksir, This report endeavors to explain the theoretical and empirical literature regarding theories of drug information and addiction.
The intoxicating inhalants that have volatile vapors are ingested through the trachea and nose. However, some inhalants are used for medical reasons as in the case of nitrous oxide. The inhalation…. Drugs, society, and human behavior 9th Ed. Boston [u. Since my verbalization of the subject matter was prepared in line with the presentation material, I must admit that the presentation was delivered in a dry, clinical, albeit well -paced tone of voice. Thus, even though my verbal communication of the material was effective, on reflection, I believe that I could have achieved a more animated presentation by bringing alive the causes and consequences of drug abuse. Indeed, an honest self-evaluation of the presentation under discussion would have to conclude that I failed to take into account the import of tailoring a subject to an audience's concerns in order to gain their attention, involvement and empathy.
Further, if I were to be really objective, I think that I also failed to use non-verbal communication cues effectively, although I did speak on the subject with clarity and confidence. For instance, I now realize that I could have dramatized the ill-effects of…. Works Cited Chapman University. Adolescent Obesity and Drug Abuse -- Literature eview Discipline I The work of Brownson, et al. children and adolescents. Brownson, et al. Eisenberg, adunovich, and Brennan, , paraphrased The criteria used for categorizing BMI for children are both age and sex-specific and often referred to as BMI-for-age.
BMI-for-age weight status categories and the corresponding percentiles are listed in Appendix 'A' following this study. Rates of youth obesity is reported to vary among different groups with African-American, non-Hispanic girls and Mexican-American boys being the groups most likely to be obese. Eisenberg, Radunovich, and Brennan, , paraphrased African-American females are reported to "remain at the highest risk, and have substantial rates of obesity-related diseases and causes of death. Anthropometric measurements, such as subscapular and triceps skinfolds and bioelectrical impendence are commonly used to assess body fatness in clinical settings. The work of Nestler reports that one of the mechanisms that result from drug abuse and that serves to induce relatively long-lasting changes in the brain resulting in the addictive state is the mechanism of regulation of gene expression.
In other words, addiction is in reality a disease directly related to the individual's genetics. The two transcription factors are stated by Nestler to be those as follows: 1 CREB CAMP response element binding protein ; and 3? FosB, which contributes to drug-induced changes in gene expression. Nestler, Both of these are reported as of the nature that are activated "…in the nucleus accumbens, a major brain reward region, but mediate different aspects of the addicted state. FosB on the other hand is the mediator of "a state of relatively prolonged sensitization to drug exposure and may contribute to the increased drive and motivation for drug, which is a core symptom of addictive disorders.
There is stated to be a need to better understand how CREB and? FosB, acting together in other various drug-induced nucleus accumbens changes and other regions. Chemical Dependency Jesse Bruce Pinkman is one of the most important characters in the popular TV series, 'Breaking Bad'. He plays the deuteragonist 2nd most important character in the series, partnering with Walter White in his methamphetamine drug ring. Pinkman acts as a dealer and manufacturer of methamphetamine, and is also a methamphetamine user. Jesse was also a former student in White's chemistry class. According to the program script, Pinkman was born September 14, , into a middle income family in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
While still in high school, he began using and dealing methamphetamine. After being thrown out of the house for his continued drug use, he moved into his Aunt Ginny's place, and looked after her until she died of lung cancer. After her death the ownership of the house fell to his parents who allowed him to continue staying there. The rift between Pinkman and his family…. References Bettmann, J. How Substance Abuse Recovery Skills, Readiness to Change and Symptom Reduction Impact Change Processes in Wilderness Therapy Participants. pdf PDFy mirror. A clinical approach to the assessment and management of co-morbid eating disorders and substance use disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 13 1 , Compulsory treatment of addiction in the patient's best interests: More rigorous evaluations are essential.
Breaking the Cycle of Addiction Addiction Breaking the Addiction Cycle The purpose of this paper is to discuss the addictions and drug use faced by obert Downey Jr. And his career. The paper will also analyze alternative courses Downey could have taken, and propose potential advice for Jr. obert Downey Jr. purportedly began using drugs at just eight years old, when his father began dispersing drugs to the child. This is not uncommon among young child stars that face much pressure and often grow up in homes where drug abuse and addictions are common. It was not until the age of 22 however, that Downey would first enter a drug rehabilitation facility for cocaine and heroin abuse.
Many of his first films during this time, approximately during the late 80s and early 90s won much acclaim, even Academy Award nominations. References: "Biography for Robert Downey Jr. One of the most frequent injuries is represented by the traumatic brain ones.. amongst other symptoms, one can mention anxiety, severe depression. Headaches and the difficulty to reason clearly. PTSD, post traumatic stress disorder is also manifested through depression, insomnia, flashback. It is important to underline that these psychological disorders are usually associated with drug abuse. Taking this into consideration, it can be underlined that we are dealing with a social phenomenon.
Most soldiers do not have the psychological training needed in order to do what they need to do once in combat. War has never been and could never be a pretty things, so the atrocities that these young men witness or are forced to do, shake them up psychologically. The use of drugs is to be understood in close connection to this factor. Depression is not a factor that can be ignored. And there is no time for…. Bibliography Allen, T. html Kelly, R. shtml Millitary Drug Programs, March 20, www. All participants filled out questionnaires with adolescents and their mothers in separate rooms. The mothers' questionnaire included question on topics such as parental monitoring habits, parental academic expectations, and on the nature and extent of drug-related activity and crime in the family neighborhood.
The adolescents were asked questions on such topics as whether and to what extent they used drugs and whether and to what extent their friends used drugs. Findings The results of the study confirmed the results of prior studies in several significant respects. The principal finding of the study was that absentee fatherhood was a strong predictor of adolescent drug use in adolescent African-American males. Another important finding of the study was that this apparent effect did not apply to adolescent African-American females. Prior studies had determined that absentee fatherhood was a predictor of early drug and alcohol use as well as aggression and other forms of…. Substance Disorder There are a number of different instruments that are used to diagnose substance disorders.
One of these NIAMED, which has an online screening tool, the NIDA Drug Screening Tool. This test is used for screening. The tool was launched in as an aid to help physicians quickly and easily screen their patients for drug abuse risk NIAMED, This test is typically administered online, but it can be administered in offline format. The test is a survey. The results are provided at the end of the survey when the test is administered online. The test is one of the more basic tests, in that it is a single source, single method test that only focuses on frequency of usage and on….
References Brown, R. A two-item screening test for alcohol and other drug problems. Journal of Family Practice. NIAMED NIDA launches drug use screening tools for physicians. National Institutes of Health. Adolescent drug abuse: Clinical assessment and therapeutic interventions. NIDA Research Monograph. Drugs and Pregnancy The habit of taking drugs continually well into the pregnancy stages of a woman has been associated with several effects that the drugs may have on the fetus. There have been several arguments posited by various groups depending on their standpoint about the issue of drug abuse and pregnancy.
There have also been attempts, as seen in this session, to classify the drugs into those that do not arm the fetus and those that can in some way hurt the fetus. Having gone through the entire course and getting exposed to numerous materials, there is one thing that stands out clear and I came to understand with insurmountable evidence, the fetus is adversely affected by the drugs that the mother takes. This is true bearing that the fetus depends on the mother for entirely everything for its survival.
The central issues identified during the entire session include…. References Reuter Setting priorities: budget and program choices for drug control. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, pp. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse among Pregnant Women in the U. Drug Profile Drug addiction is a human issue that cultivates biological, psychological, and social consequences, among others. Philologically, drug use affects the reward center, where dopamine receptors are over-stimulated. Ultimately, the repetition of drug use is encouraged to achieve the same, heightened, pleasure response U. DHHS, Psychological responses to drug use may reflect motivations caused by positive pleasure, anxiety, or protection.
The bodily effects of drugs often reflect the drug's class: stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogen, and cannabis. Each class represents various drugs and causes distinct biochemical responses. In addition to illicit drugs, prescription drugs are also highly abused and are categorized within the drug classes. Drug addiction does not discriminate between gender, race, sexual orientation or creed, and…. References Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services CDMHAS. Drugs with addictive potential. pdf Coon, D. Psychology: A journey. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Fernandez, G. Neuropsychology and drug addiction. Papeles del Psicologo, 32 2 , Hyman, S. Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Neuroscience, 2, Particularly, in the lives of elementary school students, skilled and qualified police officers who educate and lecture the program have turned out to be vital figures; in addition to that, in thousands of communities, the program's red symbol has taken on symbolic status on -shirts and bumper stickers 1.
If the evaluation and measurement for the accomplishment of D. is fame and recognition amongst the masses, then yes: D. has been extremely successful in magnetizing extensive admiration, as well as monetary support. Furthermore, D. has accomplished a point of observation unmatched and unequalled by any…. The writer highlights that in spite of vast promises, in the past two decades statistics have pointed to a sharp augment in the use of drugs in the United States. Stewart I. Drug Abuse Prevention Programming, Do we know what content works? Journal of American Behavioral Scientist. Vol 39, no. This is essentially explained in terms of poverty, slum living, and broken families, yet it would be easy to show the lack of drug addiction among other ethnic groups where the same conditions apply.
A study that was conducted by Jeffrey a. every year. This revenue can be thought to be broken down as follows: 6. References Blumenson, Eric, and Eva S. How to Construct an Underclass, or How the War on Drugs Became a War on Education. Massachusetts: Drug Policy Forum of Massachusetts, Campos, Isaac. Chabat, Jorge. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. May 5th Drug Crime Does research evidence suggest that current policies on drugs and crime are still appropriate? While "tough" policies designed to curb drug use and distribution are attractive politically, and look good on paper, research shows that such policies are no longer appropriate. Instead of responding to drug use as a public health problem, governments like that of the United States and the United Kingdom still regards criminalization as "the sine qua non-of responsible policy-making," Downes and Morgan, , p.
Unfortunately, the criminalization approach happens to also be irresponsible policy making based on emotion rather than fact. Governments with criminalization policies like the United States and Great Britain show a disturbing "state of denial" about the way criminalization creates and enhances organized crime, and may have even exacerbated some types of substance abuse Downes and Morgan, , p. Drug use patterns have also changed dramatically, requiring an intelligent…. References Downes, D. And Morgan, R. Maguire, M.
Morgan and R. Reiner eds The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. South, N. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R. Reiner eds The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 4th edn. Economists are concerned with the impact that the sale of drugs has on both individual and economic freedoms and frame their argument from this perspective. Others argue that reliance on the criminal justice system has not produced significant results and that it is time to reframe the argument to focus on the education, prevention, and treatment of drugs. From the economic perspective, there are apparent differences between government prohibition and legalization of drugs.
These figures are also significant in state and local law enforcement agencies with drug related incidents making up one fifth of the total investigative resources and drug enforcement activities. In fact, ten percent of all arrests are…. References Millhorn, M. North Americans' attitudes toward illegal drugs. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19 2 , Miron, J. The economics of drug prohibition and drug legalization. Social Research, 68 3 , National Institute on Drug Abuse The economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States. National Institute of Health Publication, National household survey on drug abuse main findings, Substance use is frequently associated with child abuse and domestic violence.
It also is a leading contributor to marital dissatisfaction, family breakups and rejection of family members. The importance of the family in understanding alcohol and drug use and abuse is underlined by these highly destructive consequences of alcohol and drug dependency on the abuser and the family. Lala; Straussner; Fewell, 17 Peer Group plays an important part in resolving the problem as they are able to take the drug or alcohol abuser more into confidence compared to others since most people associate themselves with their respective peer group in terms of habits, tastes and concerns. It has been demonstrated that a drug abuser will definitely abide by a member of the peer group to which he belongs and obey requests of abstinence more than anyone else.
Educational system also plays an important role in tackling the prevalence of the…. References Ammerman, Robert T; Ammerman, Peggy J. Ott; Tarter, Ralph E. Lala, Shulamith; Straussner, Ashenberg; Fewell, Christine Huff. Laufer, William S. The Legacy of Anomie Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory. Drug addiction is not merely a failure of will or weakness in character, however having this 'brain disease' does not absolve the addict of responsibility for his or her behavior, but it does explain why an addict feels compelled to continue using drugs Leshner Environmental cues that surround an individual's initial drug use and development of the addiction, actually become "conditioned" to the drug use and thus are critical to the problem of addiction Leshner Therefore, when those cues are present at a later time, "they elicit anticipation of a drug experience and thus generate tremendous drug craving" Leshner This type of cue-induces craving is one of the most frequent causes of drug use relapses, independently of whether drugs are available and even after years of abstinence Leshner In March , it was reported that researchers from Liverpool, England discovered a gene that directly affects the….
Works Cited Changeux, Jean-Pierre. Drug use and abuse. Retrieved November 06, from HighBeam Research Library. Eaves, Lindon J. Familial influences on alcohol use in adolescent female twins: testing for genetic and environmental interactions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Goldman, Erik. Genetic tests could improve future drug abuse treatment. Family Practice News. Heroin Addiction Cuts Across All Social Boundaries, Caron Foundation Study Reports. Drug Control "Prevention is better than cure" is an age-old and time-tested maxim. It has been proved correct in many different situations. None more so than in the area of drug abuse: it being far easier and more cost effective to prevent drug use than drug treatment. This essay explains why drug treatment is far more expensive than drug prevention.
A study by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Drug Abuse estimated the total economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the U. On the other hand,…. References "Alcohol and Drug Services Study ADSS Cost Study. The DASIS Report. Department of Health and Human Services. htm 'NIDA InfoFacts: Costs to Society. html Keen, Judy. USA Today. What further makes interpretation of results difficult to precisely define quantify is that the amount of drug stores depends on the nature of the drug itself, the duration of the ingestion of the drug, and the composition of the tissue holding the drug and the frequency of use. The greater the incidence of drug use the more permanent the level of toxins and chemicals in tissues throughout the body, and therefore the greater the probability of catching chronic drug users in drug testing.
Thea difficult part of using drug tests periodically is the longitudinally there may be peaks and valleys to the incidence of drug abuse. Companies have begun surprise inspections of their workers in the most potentially dangerous occupations including forklift workers, construction workers, airline pilots, and heavy equipment workers. Despite these shortcomings of tests, the advances made in drug testing technologies are gradually overcoming these obstacles related to…. References Alleyne, B. Stuart, and R. Journal of occupational medicine Baltimore 33 4 , Gerber, J. And G. Yacoubian, Jr. An assessment of drug testing within the construction industry. J Drug Education 32 1 Koch, K. Foltin, and M. Drugs in the workplace: research and evaluation data. Rockville, Maryland In jails, not one of the violent criminals was under the influence of heroin at the time their crime was committed.
Twenty-one percent of state inmates incarcerated for violent crime were under the influence of alcohol alone at the time they committed their crime. The number of those under the influence of marijuana alone was too small to be recorded statistically. National These facts indicate that it is not the drug users that are committing the crimes, but the people who deal with drugs. If there was no money to be gained from dealing with drugs, these criminals would have to find legitimate jobs and the police would only have to worry about traffic.
The efforts to target youth with drug education in the ar on Drugs has fallen far short of its original goals. Works Cited Drug Enforcement Division. City of Orlando Police Investigations, Orlando Police Department Website. htm Madigan, Lisa, "Strategies for Fighting Meth: Law Enforcement Strategies. html content National Center on Addition and substance Abuse at Columbia University CASA Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population. New York: Columbia University, McCaffrey, Barry R.. The National Drug Control Strategy, A Ten-Year Plan. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, A research team led by Dr. Michael French gathered to estimate the costs and benefits of residential and publically funded treatment programs for addiction issues.
The team was derived from the University of Miami. Program and the client related economic cost estimates were obtained using data collected at the site with the drug abuse treatment cost analysis program DATCAP. It was concluded that the economic benefit to society was almost four times what the cost of treating residential clients. Short-term follow-up treatment was also beneficial and the economic benefit was even higher. Hanlon, T. The study reviews previous research on the correlation of drug use and criminal behavior resulting in arrest since Advances were noted in crime…. Lennings, C. This study's hypothesis was that alcohol use is a significant predictor of violent crime in committed by the youth. Researchers studied juveniles that had been incarcerated in the prison system of New South Wales.
Most correlated with the onset of violent crimes was alcohol use followed by cocaine use. The findings accounted for the correlation that exists between the use of substabce and aggressive, violent crime and so, further supported the "Goldstein hypothesis" which believes that substance abuse facilitates violent behavior directly. White, H. The report discussed the correlation of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, non-violent crime and violence concerning children who were abused and neglected during the course of their development through childhood. The study was longitudinal the subjects were studied over time into adulthood.
It was found that abused and neglected females and males have a higher correlation in substance abuse and non-violent arrest. Abused and neglected females were found to be at a higher risk for both drug abuse or dependency diagnosis as well as arrests for violent crime. Zarkin, G. Research examined prior studies that included the cost and benefits of methadone abuse treatment. These papers have often been written on single case studies. While valuable to society, the sample size limitation also limits the research because they view heightened problems as being able to be treated in one incident of treatment. A simulation model was created to embody the longitudinal study of the heroine use, criminal behavior, health care and employment of a population between the ages of It was found that the model which takes into account the dynamics of heroine use and views it as a, acute and reoccurring circumstance finds that the benefits of treatment using this model far outweigh those produced by static models.
Third interesting fact reported in the reported is that looking into this demographic, it was found out that past month illicit drug abuse occurred most commonly among individuals aged to year-old. Among the underaged not of legal age group years old , marijuana abuse among females lowered this year, while this figure has increased by 0. Although there were distinct differences in the profile of drug users in terms of age group, gender, race, and even on the type of drug abuse, there were no distinct differences in the geographical locations of users, scattered among the following counties: large metropolitan, small metropolitan, non-metropolitan urbanized, and non-metropolitan less urbanized areas.
ork cited: Department of Health and Human Services. September Work cited: Department of Health and Human Services. Unfortunately, the American government has been looking in the wrong place for these models, especially in Asia and Latin America. For example, the coca plant from which cocaine is derived grows in abundance in many geographical regions of northern South America and in Central America, where growers make huge profits as compared to efforts to force farmers and peasants to grow legal crops which inevitably do not produce enough profits in order to survive. Of course, over the last twenty years or so, the U. federal government has done much and at great expense to attempt to eradicate the growing of coca but these efforts have also failed miserably. As Nadelmann relates, even if foreign supplies of coca and other drugs like heroin could be cut off, "the drug abuse problem in the U.
would scarcely abate," due to the fact that much if not most of the drugs like…. Bibliography Nadelmann, Ethan a. Common sense drug policy. Foreign Affairs. Drug Law Reform Pro According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy ONDCP , the United States' policy on illegal drugs is threefold: stopping drug use before it starts, healing the country's drug users, and disrupting the market. The United States' war on drugs has been going on for at least the last three decades. Given the duration of this war, some have questioned the effectiveness of it, wondering if the money spent is really making a difference and bringing about results.
Actually, the effects of this policy on illegal drugs have been mixed. According to a study conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA covering current and emerging trends in drug abuse for 21 major U. metropolitan areas, some drugs are decreasing in use while others are increasing. For example: C]rack accounted for a substantially greater percentage of primary admissions than powder cocaine in all [surveyed] sites. Bibliography InfoFacts Nationwide Trends. The National Institute on Drug Abuse. The Office of National Drug Control Policy. Therefore, a closer look at what is needed is in order. Needed Changes, Stakeholders and Barriers to Change The decades that followed ockefeller and Felony Offender made it clear that these laws were in dire need of change for a variety of reasons.
Perhaps most importantly among the reasons for a need for change was the fact that many of those in need of recovery from drug addiction were instead being locked away in prison, burdening the justice system, breaking up families and torturing people with a definite disease. On the other side of the argument, however, barriers to change in these policies was led by staunch conservatives who, not realizing the many facets of drug addiction, were too fast to dismiss addicts as criminals who were only getting what some felt they deserved nysda. In reality, however, there are effective solutions to the debate. Effective Solutions to the Debate…. References Current Developments in the Rockefeller Drug Laws.
html The Rockefeller Drug Laws. cfm Drug Laws. The strongest argument against the thesis of the experiment relies in the fact that a religious mystical experience is placed on a spiritual rather than medical level and that the spirit is not necessarily determined by the actions of the brain, as a human organ. The spirit includes the way the brain act and the way the heart feels or the behavior of other organs in the body. For many scientists, including those that have performed the scientific experiment and including people like Tom Roberts, who in his book "Psychedelic Horizons" talks about the benefic effects of drugs on the brain in terms of exploring new states and experience new functions of the body otherwise hidden to the general audience.
For myself and numerous other individuals, the mystical experience cannot be related solely to the functionality of the brain or to the way the entire body is operating. If it…. Bibliography 1. Quantifying a Mystical Experience: Hallucinogenic Research Gets to Grips With Spirituality. July
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